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Dutch Brazil
Dutch Brazil, also known as New Holland, was the northern portion of Brazil, ruled by the Dutch during the Dutch colonization of the Americas between 1581 and 1654. The term "New Holland" should not be confused with the later term for present-day Western Australia. The main cities of the Nieuw Holland were the capital Mauritsstad (today Recife), Frederikstadt (João Pessoa), Natal (the ancient Nieuw Amsterdam before establishing the location at present-day New York City), São Cristóvão, Fortaleza, Sirinhaém and Olinda.
From 1630 onward, the Dutch Republic came to control almost half of Brazil's area at the time, with their capital in Recife. The Dutch West India Company (WIC) set up their headquarters in Recife. The governor, Johan Maurits, invited artists and scientists to the colony to help promote Brazil and increase immigration. The Portuguese won a significant victory at the Second Battle of Guararapes in 1649. On 26 January 1654, the Dutch surrendered and signed the capitulation, but only as a provisory pact. By May 1654, the Dutch demanded that the Dutch Republic was to be given New Holland back. On 6 August 1661, New Holland was formally ceded to Portugal through the Treaty of The Hague.
While of only transitional importance for the Dutch, this period was of considerable importance in the History of Brazil. Local Portuguese settlers had to oppose the Dutch largely by their own resources, and made use of their knowledge of local conditions; this struggle is counted, in Brazilian historical memory, as laying the seeds of Brazilian nationhood.
== The significance of Spain ==
The Low Countries had long been part of the Spanish Empire; however, in 1568 the Eighty Years' War broke out, and the Dutch established the Republic of the Seven United Netherlands. A consequence of the war was the raiding of Spanish lands, colonies and ships by Dutch fleets. In 1594 the Spanish King Phillip gave permission for Dutch ships bound for Brazil to sail together once a year in a fleet of twenty ships.〔(Acta Historiae Neerlandicae IX By R. Baetens, H. Balthazar, etc. )〕 In 1609, the two countries signed a Twelve Years' Truce in which the Dutch Republic was allowed to trade with Portuguese settlements in Brazil, since Portugal was in a dynastic union with Spain from 1580 to 1640. The Dutch also agreed to delay the creation of a West India Company, a counterpart to the already existing Dutch East India Company. In 1621, the twelve-year peace treaty expired and the Dutch West Indian Company was immediately created. The Dutch–Portuguese War resumed, and through the new company, the Dutch now started to interfere with the Spanish and Portuguese colonies in America. In 1624, the Dutch sent a large expedition to invade Brazil.
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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